Examining the Financial Success Strategies of T-Series on YouTube

Founded by Gulshan Kumar on 11 July 1983, T-Series is an Indian Music record label with over 220 million subscribers on YouTube. Lately, there have been lots of controversies about the T-Series YouTube income, and one common question that we see is “What is T-Series income on YouTube?”

So, if you have the same question, then, you’ve come to the right page to find an answer. In this post, we’ve covered everything you need to know about the T-Series YouTube income. So, without wasting much time, let’s dive in to find out more.

1. Huge YouTube Channel Monthly Visits
2. Large Subscriber Base
3. Regular Posting of Quality Videos

• Bonus Tip: How to be a YouTuber and Make Videos like t series

Part 1: Information Box on T Series

Before we reveal all you need to know about T-Series YouTube income, here is an overview of Who T-Series is.

Name	T-Series
Real Name	Bhushan Kumar Dua
Net Worth (2022)	$515.4 Million
Monthly Income and Salary	Approximately $8.6 Million
Yearly Income	Over $128 Million
Type	Private
Industry	Music & Entertainment
Founded	11 July 1983; 39 years ago in Delhi, India
Founder	Gulshan Kumar
Key People	Bhushan Kumar Dua (Chairman, managing director), Krishan Kumar, Neeraj Kalyan (President)
Services	Music record label % Film production
YouTube Channel	T-Series
Awards and Recognition	Creator Awards

Now you have an overview of what T-Series YouTube channel income is, read on to discover more

Part 2: T-Series YouTube Earning and Stats

T-Series main source of revenue is the views and adverts, and as of when this article was written, research shows that T-Series attracts more than 2.15 billion views per month. Since a YouTube channel could earn an average of $3 to $5 per one thousand views, it can be estimated that T-Series earn a monthly income of up to $8.6 Million per month, and could make up to over 128 Million per year. Do you still want to find out more? Check out the table on T-Series stats;

Estimated Monthly Earning (USD/INDIAN RUPEES)	$8.6 Million / R.S699 Million
Estimated Yearly Earning (USD/INDIAN RUPEES)	Approximately $128 Million / R.S 10.4 Billion
Total Videos Uploads	17, 516
Total Views	202,606,674,113
Subscribers	225 Million
Years Active	16 years
Genre	Music

T-Series is very popular on all social media platforms, including Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. He has been in the game for so long that anyone believes in the content he creates. The company was discovered in the 1980s by Gulshan Kumar a cassette tape business, and it was focused on devotional music, especially Hindu hymns and Bollywood music.M

The good thing back then was that T-Series was the first of its kind, and the devotional music market was really big, especially amongst old folks. So, it was easy for T-Series music to reach the right audience within a short time, and it had its first breakthrough in the late 1980s.

Fast forward to 2004, telecommunication companies were having complaints from mobile phone users who were not satisfied with their ringtones. So, T-Series became their plug and started 30-second of their music to them. Then, in 2009, when YouTube was launched in India, T-Series discovered lots of his music where being uploaded on YouTube illegally. This led to a ruling against YouTube, and in January 2011, T-Series published its first video on YouTube.

Since 2011 till now, T-Series has experienced tremendous growth. T-Series has up to 29 different YouTube channels with total subscribers of 225million with over a billion views monthly, making them one of the top-leading YouTube channels globally. Right now,

Part 3: Why Is T-Series Trending on YouTube?

Since you already know what T-Series income on YouTube is, you might be eager to find out what he did that made him so popular and became a trend on YouTube. Well, the truth is, T-Series is not doing anything no one can do. However, he has been in the industry for so long that his YouTube channel is like a dish for many viewers, especially the ones in India.

Below are the three main things why T-Series is always trending on YouTube;

Huge YouTube Channel Monthly Visits

Boasting monthly views of over 100 million per month, T-Series is one of the few YouTube channels that usually have millions of visits from users globally every month. Research shows that the YouTube channel usually has approximately 7.9million visitors per month. This huge monthly visit helps them stay at the top of most YouTube searches that relates with his videos keywords, thus making them trend more when compared with his competitor’s YouTube channel.

Large Subscriber Base

With over 225 million subscribers and still counting, T-Series YouTube channel is a home for many folks to listen to music and see movie thrillers. The large subscriber base plays a huge role in his trend, and the subscriber base continues to increase, he still has the high chance of maintaining his trend within the industry for a very long time.

Regular Posting of Quality Videos

Having a huge YouTube subscriber base is one thing, but being able to deliver quality video content that anyone would love to watch is different. T-Series has been consistent in delivering quality videos, that immediately he uploads a new video on YouTube, he starts getting massive views instantly. Many folks are always eager to see his next upload on YouTube. This has been the same thing for T-Series over the past years, and it has helped him gained more and more popularity.

Bonus Tip: How to be a YouTuber and Make Videos like t series

To be a YouTube-like T-Series you don’t only need to put in the hard work in what you do, you also need to be smart and stay consistent. Plus, you must acquire advanced video editing software that will help you create videos that will make you stand out in the industry. One such video editing software is Wondershare’s Filmora video editor.

Filmora is a video editing powerhouse that boasts lots of efficient tools that one can use to edit every aspect of a video clip. From removing background noise to editing audio, adding transitions, applying effects, and lots more. The tool is one that any YouTuber must have at his/her fingertips.

Besides, Filmora offers lots of free built-in video effects from popular platforms like FilmStock, Pixel, Unsplash, and many others. The amazing thing is you don’t necessarily need video editing skills to utilize the features of the software.

Here is how to use Filmora to Create Impressive Videos for YouTube;

Free Download For Win 7 or later(64-bit)

Free Download For macOS 10.14 or later

Step1 Download the latest version of Filmora from the official website and install it. Then, launch the tool and use the Import button to upload the YouTube video you wish to edit.

Drag-n-drop the imported video to the Timeline.

Step2 Navigate to the top of the screen and select Effects. Choose AI Portrait from the left-hand side. After that, drag-n-drop a preferred AI Portrait effect to the Timeline. Then, adjust it to the section of your video you want it to be displayed.

You can also change the AI Portrait effect settings. To do that, double-click on the effect from the timeline to prompt a pop-up window. Apply the AI Portrait effect from there.

Step3 You can add royalty-free music to your YouTube video by clicking Audio from the top. Then, select the preferred audio to use in the video and move it to the timeline.

To adjust your audio settings, double-click the audio clip from the timeline and use the relevant button to balance audio fade-in and fade-out, volume, pitch, etc.

Step4 Another crucial thing you need to do is to add Subscribe watermark. To do this, click the >> icon next to Export from the top of the screen and select Element.

Locate and click ‘Social Media Show Element 07’ Effects. Drag-n-drop the selected effect to the Timeline.

Step5 Change the position where the Subscribe watermark should appear in your video. Then, play the video to preview it.

Step6 After you’re done with the editing, click the Export button from the top bar and choose Burn DVD from the drop-down list that shows up.

Spet 7: A pop-up window will appear on your PC screen. Select where you want to save the edited video file from the Folder Path section. Then, enter the file name in Lable. Click Export to finish.

Final Words

That’s all on T-Series income on YouTube. T-Series did not just become successful overnight. It took consistent hard work. The team put so much effort not just to come up with ideas and create videos, but also to invest in the right tools to make their videos stand out in the industry. If you’re looking to start your YouTube journey and be like T-Series some days, you should start now. The first move you should make is to invest in Wondershare Filmora software, as it has lots of tools to offer for editing videos with high quality.

Free Download For Win 7 or later(64-bit)

Free Download For macOS 10.14 or later

Part 1: Information Box on T Series

Before we reveal all you need to know about T-Series YouTube income, here is an overview of Who T-Series is.

Name	T-Series
Real Name	Bhushan Kumar Dua
Net Worth (2022)	$515.4 Million
Monthly Income and Salary	Approximately $8.6 Million
Yearly Income	Over $128 Million
Type	Private
Industry	Music & Entertainment
Founded	11 July 1983; 39 years ago in Delhi, India
Founder	Gulshan Kumar
Key People	Bhushan Kumar Dua (Chairman, managing director), Krishan Kumar, Neeraj Kalyan (President)
Services	Music record label % Film production
YouTube Channel	T-Series
Awards and Recognition	Creator Awards

Now you have an overview of what T-Series YouTube channel income is, read on to discover more

Part 2: T-Series YouTube Earning and Stats

T-Series main source of revenue is the views and adverts, and as of when this article was written, research shows that T-Series attracts more than 2.15 billion views per month. Since a YouTube channel could earn an average of $3 to $5 per one thousand views, it can be estimated that T-Series earn a monthly income of up to $8.6 Million per month, and could make up to over 128 Million per year. Do you still want to find out more? Check out the table on T-Series stats;

Estimated Monthly Earning (USD/INDIAN RUPEES)	$8.6 Million / R.S699 Million
Estimated Yearly Earning (USD/INDIAN RUPEES)	Approximately $128 Million / R.S 10.4 Billion
Total Videos Uploads	17, 516
Total Views	202,606,674,113
Subscribers	225 Million
Years Active	16 years
Genre	Music

T-Series is very popular on all social media platforms, including Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. He has been in the game for so long that anyone believes in the content he creates. The company was discovered in the 1980s by Gulshan Kumar a cassette tape business, and it was focused on devotional music, especially Hindu hymns and Bollywood music.M

The good thing back then was that T-Series was the first of its kind, and the devotional music market was really big, especially amongst old folks. So, it was easy for T-Series music to reach the right audience within a short time, and it had its first breakthrough in the late 1980s.

Fast forward to 2004, telecommunication companies were having complaints from mobile phone users who were not satisfied with their ringtones. So, T-Series became their plug and started 30-second of their music to them. Then, in 2009, when YouTube was launched in India, T-Series discovered lots of his music where being uploaded on YouTube illegally. This led to a ruling against YouTube, and in January 2011, T-Series published its first video on YouTube.

Since 2011 till now, T-Series has experienced tremendous growth. T-Series has up to 29 different YouTube channels with total subscribers of 225million with over a billion views monthly, making them one of the top-leading YouTube channels globally. Right now,

Part 3: Why Is T-Series Trending on YouTube?

Since you already know what T-Series income on YouTube is, you might be eager to find out what he did that made him so popular and became a trend on YouTube. Well, the truth is, T-Series is not doing anything no one can do. However, he has been in the industry for so long that his YouTube channel is like a dish for many viewers, especially the ones in India.

Below are the three main things why T-Series is always trending on YouTube;

Huge YouTube Channel Monthly Visits

Boasting monthly views of over 100 million per month, T-Series is one of the few YouTube channels that usually have millions of visits from users globally every month. Research shows that the YouTube channel usually has approximately 7.9million visitors per month. This huge monthly visit helps them stay at the top of most YouTube searches that relates with his videos keywords, thus making them trend more when compared with his competitor’s YouTube channel.

Large Subscriber Base

With over 225 million subscribers and still counting, T-Series YouTube channel is a home for many folks to listen to music and see movie thrillers. The large subscriber base plays a huge role in his trend, and the subscriber base continues to increase, he still has the high chance of maintaining his trend within the industry for a very long time.

Regular Posting of Quality Videos

Having a huge YouTube subscriber base is one thing, but being able to deliver quality video content that anyone would love to watch is different. T-Series has been consistent in delivering quality videos, that immediately he uploads a new video on YouTube, he starts getting massive views instantly. Many folks are always eager to see his next upload on YouTube. This has been the same thing for T-Series over the past years, and it has helped him gained more and more popularity.

Bonus Tip: How to be a YouTuber and Make Videos like t series

To be a YouTube-like T-Series you don’t only need to put in the hard work in what you do, you also need to be smart and stay consistent. Plus, you must acquire advanced video editing software that will help you create videos that will make you stand out in the industry. One such video editing software is Wondershare’s Filmora video editor.

Filmora is a video editing powerhouse that boasts lots of efficient tools that one can use to edit every aspect of a video clip. From removing background noise to editing audio, adding transitions, applying effects, and lots more. The tool is one that any YouTuber must have at his/her fingertips.

Besides, Filmora offers lots of free built-in video effects from popular platforms like FilmStock, Pixel, Unsplash, and many others. The amazing thing is you don’t necessarily need video editing skills to utilize the features of the software.

Here is how to use Filmora to Create Impressive Videos for YouTube;

Free Download For Win 7 or later(64-bit)

Free Download For macOS 10.14 or later

Step1 Download the latest version of Filmora from the official website and install it. Then, launch the tool and use the Import button to upload the YouTube video you wish to edit.

Drag-n-drop the imported video to the Timeline.

Step2 Navigate to the top of the screen and select Effects. Choose AI Portrait from the left-hand side. After that, drag-n-drop a preferred AI Portrait effect to the Timeline. Then, adjust it to the section of your video you want it to be displayed.

You can also change the AI Portrait effect settings. To do that, double-click on the effect from the timeline to prompt a pop-up window. Apply the AI Portrait effect from there.

Step3 You can add royalty-free music to your YouTube video by clicking Audio from the top. Then, select the preferred audio to use in the video and move it to the timeline.

To adjust your audio settings, double-click the audio clip from the timeline and use the relevant button to balance audio fade-in and fade-out, volume, pitch, etc.

Step4 Another crucial thing you need to do is to add Subscribe watermark. To do this, click the >> icon next to Export from the top of the screen and select Element.

Locate and click ‘Social Media Show Element 07’ Effects. Drag-n-drop the selected effect to the Timeline.

Step5 Change the position where the Subscribe watermark should appear in your video. Then, play the video to preview it.

Step6 After you’re done with the editing, click the Export button from the top bar and choose Burn DVD from the drop-down list that shows up.

Spet 7: A pop-up window will appear on your PC screen. Select where you want to save the edited video file from the Folder Path section. Then, enter the file name in Lable. Click Export to finish.

Final Words

That’s all on T-Series income on YouTube. T-Series did not just become successful overnight. It took consistent hard work. The team put so much effort not just to come up with ideas and create videos, but also to invest in the right tools to make their videos stand out in the industry. If you’re looking to start your YouTube journey and be like T-Series some days, you should start now. The first move you should make is to invest in Wondershare Filmora software, as it has lots of tools to offer for editing videos with high quality.

Free Download For Win 7 or later(64-bit)

Free Download For macOS 10.14 or later

The Art of Beats: Pure DJ Visuals Available Online

Most think music is the most important thing in a professional DJ set. It might be the most important, but it’s not the only important element. The visuals are also essential. There are several reasons why the right DJ template video download can significantly improve your set.

Read below and you’ll open your eyes to how a simple template and a bit of video editing can change your whole career as a DJ.

YouTube Video Background Creating realistic video scenes at your will is easy to complete with Filmora green screen removal.

Create Video Backgrounds Create Video Backgroundss Learn Green Screen

What Is a DJ Template Video Download?

DJ template video downloads are basically video templates with pre-recorded clips and effect presets that sync with your music. So, regardless of what tempo, genre, or style your DJ set is, this template will sync with it perfectly and make everything look more professional, modern, funky, or whatever result you prefer.

There are three main characteristics of DJ template videos, including:

• Pre-Designed Visuals: These templates are ready-made visuals that can be used as-is or customized further. They range from abstract patterns and pulsating geometries to thematic scenes and rhythmic animations.
• Customizable Elements: You can personally customize many of these templates. This might include integrating logos and text or tweaking the color scheme to match the event’s theme.
• Format and Compatibility: They are usually available in formats compatible with common VJing and DJing software, ensuring seamless integration into the DJ’s setup.

Why Choosing the Right Template Matters?

Every DJ out there has their own unique style. This can be displayed by the music they play, the events they attend, the style of clothing they wear, and so on. Well, the same style can be represented by their videos as well.

With that said, it’s crucial that you make your video in such a way that your style is kept and immediately recognized by your fans. That can easily be achieved with a background template video for your set.

After all, your goal is to create an unforgettable experience that truly impresses everyone. You can do the same for live events as well as for your pre-recorded DJ sets.

Sources for DJ Template Video Downloads

So, it’s finally time to look at the best places online where you can find the perfect DJ template video for you.

Let’s have a quick look at the top five.

• Motion Elements
• Video Hive
• Pond5
• Filmora
• Mixkit

Motion Elements

Motion Elements has a massive directory of royalty-free elements creators can use. This list, of course, includes tons of video templates for DJs.

Main Benefits:

• Huge variety
• You can customize your templates
• Free and paid downloads available

Video Hive

This platform is a part of Envato Market. If the prices are suitable for you, then there’s nothing you can’t find here.

Main Benefits:

• Massive selection
• Community-driven elements
• Good pricing

Pond5

With Pond5, you can even browse music and various sound effects on top of your template video background full-screen downloads.

Main Benefits:

• Royalty-free options
• Very easy to find what you need
• Global community and creators

Filmora

Free Download For Win 7 or later(64-bit)

Free Download For macOS 10.14 or later

Filmora is a video-editing software that directly offers tons of DJ video templates to insert into your video. No need to download anything separately. Just click and try them all.

Main Benefits:

• Seamless integration:
• Perfect for beginners
• Exceptional customization options

Mixkit

Last but not least, Mixkit is an ideal choice if you are exclusively looking for free templates that are also royalty-free. You’re safe to use anything here and you don’t have to pay a dime.

Main Benefits:

• Free to use for all
• Receives regular updates and new elements
• No need to credit the creator

How to Customize Templates for a Unique Experience?

The way you customize these templates is by editing them in a video editor of your choice after downloading them. However, not all templates are customizable.

In order for a template to be customizable, it has to be available in a format for tools such as Premiere Pro, Filmora, or many others. If it isn’t, then you are very limited with the editing if it’s an MP4 file, for example.

This is why using a DJ template video background on a full screen directly from a video editing tool like Filmora is the easiest solution for editing it. Any template you click from the tool will be fully editable, adjustable, and customizable.

You can control its colors, speed, animations, and so on.

Technical Considerations

Now, if you want the best possible results with your video templates, you must put technical considerations into account. It’s not the most fun process but it is crucial. Luckily, this guide will make it easier.

So, consider the following:

1. Video Resolution and Quality

Try to find high-definition or 4K templates. They will give the best visuals and be more flexible in editing or customization.

Also, choose templates that match your display setup’s aspect ratio, whether standard (16:9) or widescreen formats.

2. Format Compatibility

Common video formats like MP4, AVI, or MOV are widely supported by most DJ software and hardware. Ensure the template format is compatible with your equipment.

Additionally, think about the video codec you are using. Some codecs might not be supported by your playback system, or they might be too resource-intensive.

3. Performance and Playback

The frame rate of the video should match that of your DJ software to avoid any sync issues. Common frame rates include 30fps and 60fps.

If your set is fairly long, make sure you’ve set the video template to loop seamlessly if you don’t want to look unprofessional.

4. Audio Sync

Some templates are designed to sync with the beat of the music. Check if the template has features that allow easy synchronization with your tracks.

You might also want to consider reactive templates. These are templates that change with the music and can add an engaging dynamic element to your performance.

Legal Aspects and Copyright

This part concerns most of us when using creative elements like these. So, it’s always a good idea to read the licenses and agreements before using anything.

Here are a couple of things you should always keep in mind:

• Read the Fine Print: Always read the licensing agreement of a template before using it. This agreement specifies how you can legally use the template, including any restrictions.
• Commercial vs. Non-Commercial Use: Some templates are only licensed for non-commercial use. If you’re using it for commercial purposes, ensure the template is cleared for such use.
• Attribution Requirements: Some licenses require you to credit the creator of the template. Make sure to follow these requirements where applicable.
• Modifications and Derivative Works: Be aware of any restrictions on modifying the template or creating derivative works based on it.

Summary

Hopefully, the information in this guide will be useful when you’re looking for the perfect DJ video template download. Remember what you learned here, and make sure you use the tools we suggested to find the best templates. The rest is up to you!

Create Video Backgrounds Create Video Backgroundss Learn Green Screen

What Is a DJ Template Video Download?

DJ template video downloads are basically video templates with pre-recorded clips and effect presets that sync with your music. So, regardless of what tempo, genre, or style your DJ set is, this template will sync with it perfectly and make everything look more professional, modern, funky, or whatever result you prefer.

There are three main characteristics of DJ template videos, including:

• Pre-Designed Visuals: These templates are ready-made visuals that can be used as-is or customized further. They range from abstract patterns and pulsating geometries to thematic scenes and rhythmic animations.
• Customizable Elements: You can personally customize many of these templates. This might include integrating logos and text or tweaking the color scheme to match the event’s theme.
• Format and Compatibility: They are usually available in formats compatible with common VJing and DJing software, ensuring seamless integration into the DJ’s setup.

Why Choosing the Right Template Matters?

Every DJ out there has their own unique style. This can be displayed by the music they play, the events they attend, the style of clothing they wear, and so on. Well, the same style can be represented by their videos as well.

With that said, it’s crucial that you make your video in such a way that your style is kept and immediately recognized by your fans. That can easily be achieved with a background template video for your set.

After all, your goal is to create an unforgettable experience that truly impresses everyone. You can do the same for live events as well as for your pre-recorded DJ sets.

Sources for DJ Template Video Downloads

So, it’s finally time to look at the best places online where you can find the perfect DJ template video for you.

Let’s have a quick look at the top five.

• Motion Elements
• Video Hive
• Pond5
• Filmora
• Mixkit

Motion Elements

Motion Elements has a massive directory of royalty-free elements creators can use. This list, of course, includes tons of video templates for DJs.

Main Benefits:

• Huge variety
• You can customize your templates
• Free and paid downloads available

Video Hive

This platform is a part of Envato Market. If the prices are suitable for you, then there’s nothing you can’t find here.

Main Benefits:

• Massive selection
• Community-driven elements
• Good pricing

Pond5

With Pond5, you can even browse music and various sound effects on top of your template video background full-screen downloads.

Main Benefits:

• Royalty-free options
• Very easy to find what you need
• Global community and creators

Filmora

Free Download For Win 7 or later(64-bit)

Free Download For macOS 10.14 or later

Filmora is a video-editing software that directly offers tons of DJ video templates to insert into your video. No need to download anything separately. Just click and try them all.

Main Benefits:

• Seamless integration:
• Perfect for beginners
• Exceptional customization options

Mixkit

Last but not least, Mixkit is an ideal choice if you are exclusively looking for free templates that are also royalty-free. You’re safe to use anything here and you don’t have to pay a dime.

Main Benefits:

• Free to use for all
• Receives regular updates and new elements
• No need to credit the creator

How to Customize Templates for a Unique Experience?

The way you customize these templates is by editing them in a video editor of your choice after downloading them. However, not all templates are customizable.

In order for a template to be customizable, it has to be available in a format for tools such as Premiere Pro, Filmora, or many others. If it isn’t, then you are very limited with the editing if it’s an MP4 file, for example.

This is why using a DJ template video background on a full screen directly from a video editing tool like Filmora is the easiest solution for editing it. Any template you click from the tool will be fully editable, adjustable, and customizable.

You can control its colors, speed, animations, and so on.

Technical Considerations

Now, if you want the best possible results with your video templates, you must put technical considerations into account. It’s not the most fun process but it is crucial. Luckily, this guide will make it easier.

So, consider the following:

1. Video Resolution and Quality

Try to find high-definition or 4K templates. They will give the best visuals and be more flexible in editing or customization.

Also, choose templates that match your display setup’s aspect ratio, whether standard (16:9) or widescreen formats.

2. Format Compatibility

Common video formats like MP4, AVI, or MOV are widely supported by most DJ software and hardware. Ensure the template format is compatible with your equipment.

Additionally, think about the video codec you are using. Some codecs might not be supported by your playback system, or they might be too resource-intensive.

3. Performance and Playback

The frame rate of the video should match that of your DJ software to avoid any sync issues. Common frame rates include 30fps and 60fps.

If your set is fairly long, make sure you’ve set the video template to loop seamlessly if you don’t want to look unprofessional.

4. Audio Sync

Some templates are designed to sync with the beat of the music. Check if the template has features that allow easy synchronization with your tracks.

You might also want to consider reactive templates. These are templates that change with the music and can add an engaging dynamic element to your performance.

Legal Aspects and Copyright

This part concerns most of us when using creative elements like these. So, it’s always a good idea to read the licenses and agreements before using anything.

Here are a couple of things you should always keep in mind:

• Read the Fine Print: Always read the licensing agreement of a template before using it. This agreement specifies how you can legally use the template, including any restrictions.
• Commercial vs. Non-Commercial Use: Some templates are only licensed for non-commercial use. If you’re using it for commercial purposes, ensure the template is cleared for such use.
• Attribution Requirements: Some licenses require you to credit the creator of the template. Make sure to follow these requirements where applicable.
• Modifications and Derivative Works: Be aware of any restrictions on modifying the template or creating derivative works based on it.

Summary

Hopefully, the information in this guide will be useful when you’re looking for the perfect DJ video template download. Remember what you learned here, and make sure you use the tools we suggested to find the best templates. The rest is up to you!

Also read: